As an important stage of a person's growth, primary school lays the foundation for future development. This foundation is not only reflected in the level of knowledge, but also in the development of personality, so we cannot ignore primary school education. With the younger age of social competition, primary school students become the target of competition. In order not to let their children lose at the starting line, parents blindly sign up for shadow education for primary school students without considering the real needs of children, their emotions, and the quality of running shadow institutions. Shadow education, as the shadow of school education, originally appeared as a supplement to school education, but finally evolved into a copy of school education content. It is a form of education that takes school curriculum as the teaching content and aims to cultivate excellence or make up for differences. It exists outside the mainstream school education and charges a certain fee to help students acquire basic skills of specific subjects. With the rapid development of national economy and the increasing improvement of people's living standards, parents' requirements for the quality of education are also constantly improving. The pursuit of cultural capital and the evaluation system of emphasizing selection and screening of schools make parents invest heavily in their children's education in order to obtain corresponding returns. Managers value this opportunity and throw themselves into the wave of shadow education. In recent years, shadow education has developed rapidly and magnificently in China.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development stage, primary school students are in the transition period from concrete operation stage to formal operation stage. In this period, children's psychological and intellectual level gradually developed mature, with strong curiosity, energy, lively and active characteristics. To some extent, education is to "discipline" students, but it is not appropriate to do too much or not enough. Shadow education overcorrects the "discipline" of primary school students, squeezing out children's fun and laughter, and training primary school students to become young but experienced, which is the failure of shadow education. Writer Bing Xin said, "Let children grow like wild flowers." This should be the general guideline of modern education reform.^[1]《Xunzi·Encouraging Learning》: "The children of Han and Yue and of the tribes of Yi and Mo are all born making the same sounds, but they grow up having different customs, because the process of education has effected such changes in them." It illustrates the important role of education for one's physical and mental growth. Liu Qingchang, a scholar at Shanxi University, believes that education is a well-meaning intervention. In the critique of Practical Reason, Kant wrote: "In the whole creation, man is the most intelligent and rational creature, and his abilities and all his activities must be people-oriented, which should become the end of human activity itself."^[2] All of these reveal the importance of education: education should be based on "people", take the educatee as the starting point and end-result of educational work, all for students, for all students. Therefore, in order to play a positive role in promoting shadow education to primary school students, it is necessary to follow the law of physical and mental development of primary school students, determine the nearest development area of primary school students, correctly handle the relationship between external and internal causes, and fully stimulate students' subjective initiative. Only in this way can shadow education produce positive results. However, with the vigorous development of shadow education, it gradually shows that there are problems that hinder or go against the growth of students and social development behind it.

一、The goal of shadow education is utilitarian, which is not conducive to the development of pupils' spiritual attributes

Shadow education, as the product of economic market development, is commercial. And because it is one of the forms of education, it plays the role of cultivating talents, with education. Since everything is for the students, the starting point of shadow education should focus on the needs, abilities and emotions of primary school students. It should be based on primary school students, give full play to the subjectivity of primary school students, and be more educational than commercial, so as to promote the healthy and happy growth of primary school students, and cultivate the correct three outlooks and production and life ability of primary school students. This is the natural state of shadow education in primary school. But really?

With the gradual development of shadow education, the managers of institutions take "profit" as the school running goal, and the commercial attribute exceeds the educational attribute, which makes shadow education deviate from the essence of education, weaken the education, and strengthen the sociality and marketability. The utilitarianism of the school running goal of shadow education makes the institutional managers win the attention of parents with various gimmicks in order to expect parents to send students to shadow education institutions. In the cognition of managers, primary school students do not appear as a "person", but a profitable tool, a container for knowledge storage, and a robot that can work day and night.^[3]

The first is the metaphor of the pupil as a tool for profit. Parents send pupils to shadow education institutions for the purpose of improving students' academic performance, giving full play to their advantages and making up for their weaknesses. Parents judge the quality of shadow educational institutions by the speed of raising scores. Which organization raises points the effect is good, send children into its organization. Shadow education is focused on this demand. In order to improve income, institutions usually use mechanical teaching forms to instill knowledge into the minds of primary school students to promote the improvement of students' learning scores. Many parents see the surface "prosperity" flocking, ignore the real needs of primary school students and ignore the subjectivity of primary school students.

The second is the metaphor of primary school students as knowledge storage containers. Shadow education in order to cater to the needs of the parents, the pursuit of the improvement of children's academic achievement, in the teaching process, uses cramming teaching methods, treating elementary school students as knowledge storage containers, teachers' dominating platform, pushing knowledge into students' heads, regardless of the students' independent thinking ability. Teachers' absolute authority makes students blindly follow the teachers, do not resist, do not reflect, do not doubt, used to follow the pace behind the teacher; long like this, the primary school students will grow into blindly unthinking "wooden" individuals.

Finally, the metaphor of a robot for elementary school students around the clock. The portrayal of robots is mainly reflected in the following two aspects: first, in recent years, with the younger age of competition, there is no lack of media exposure that primary school students have increased their learning burden due to running in schools and shadow education for a long time, and many "white haired teenagers" have appeared. Second, in the shadow education institutions, the institutions improve the academic performance of primary school students through the sea test tactics, and primary school students keep waving their pens in the sea test. When education manipulates pupils like a machine, and pupils make a consistent response like a machine, the differences between students are ignored, and there is only common unity.

As an important stage of human growth, primary school should pay attention to the cultivation of pupils' ability of independent thinking, innovation and creation. However, due to the biased school running objectives of managers, they did not put themselves in the real needs of pupils. Managers regard shadow institutions as factories, teachers as workers and students as processed products, and make primary school students into unified parts without any difference. The result of students signing up for shadow education is that their knowledge attributes are strengthened and their spiritual attributes are not cultivated.

二、The single curriculum structure of shadow education is not conducive to the development of primary school students' social attributes

Shadow education, as the shadow of mainstream school education, imitates school education step by step, ignores the cultivation of primary school students' interpersonal communication and problem-solving abilities, one-sidedly caters to parents' preferences, takes improving scores as the purpose of education, increases the academic burden of primary school students, and leads to the overall development of primary school students. There are two deficiencies in the curriculum structure of shadow education in primary schools.

First, the type of shadow education courses is single. Shadow education mainly offers subject courses, with few experience courses; subject courses occupy an absolute dominant position, while comprehensive courses hardly exist. The national curriculum has attracted much attention, while the local curriculum and school-based curriculum have not received substantial research. The so-called "test what, teach what". The single curriculum type makes education play the value of one or several curriculum types, while ignoring the important value of other curriculum types in the physical and mental development of primary school students, resulting in the one-sided development of primary school students.

Second, the proportion of shadow education subjects is unbalanced. There is an imbalance in the proportion of various subjects in shadow education courses, with major subjects such as Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages taking up a large proportion. However, courses that improve students' social communication ability and problem-solving ability rarely appear in the subject setting of shadow education institutions due to less market demand, thus depriving other subjects of promoting the development of primary school students, which directly affects the harmonious, comprehensive and sustainable development of children's physical and mental health.

The basic idea of the eighth curriculum reform in China is to focus on cultivating and developing pupils' innovative consciousness and ability, the ability to collect and process information, and the ability to actively and independently acquire new knowledge. The shadow education in primary school lays too much emphasis on subject-based learning, focusing on the mastery of students' basic knowledge, ignoring the improvement of basic skills and the shaping of students' ability and emotion. As time passes, primary school students will lack the ability to communicate with others and deal with things, which is not conducive to their overall development.

三、Shadow education increases students' learning burden and is not conducive to the development of pupils' natural attributes

The Ministry of Education and other nine departments jointly issued 《Measures to Reduce the Burden of Primary and Secondary School Students》. Once the Measures were released, schools' school-running behaviors were standardized. However, this measure has become a crisis in the eyes of some parents, lest their children fall behind others and lose the starting line, they will quickly adopt high-pressure policies and enroll their children in shadow education training classes. This makes primary school students, after receiving formal school education, still have to invest a lot of energy in shadow education, so that the rest of the time is occupied, resulting in high myopia, neurasthenia, and "bean sprout" posture becoming synonymous with primary school students.

The primary school age ranges from about6 or7 to12 or13. In Piaget's theory of stages of cognitive development, children are in the transition from the stage of concrete operation to the stage of formal operation, in which the intellectual development of children is sequential. Educators are required to teach in accordance with the law of students' physical and mental development, step by step, and avoid "pulling up seedlings to encourage" and "teaching beyond the capacity of the learner". Therefore, shadow education should consider the physical and mental laws of children in the teaching content of children at this stage, and should not teach those difficult knowledge that are obviously higher than the cognitive development level of primary school students, nor teach those too simple knowledge that cannot promote the cognitive development level. By observing shadow education from this perspective, it is found that the teaching content of shadow institutions, on the one hand, has the phenomenon of "jumping the gun", that is, the knowledge that students are going to learn is taught in advance, which is called systems awareness. In theory, the early perception of knowledge can promote students to better digest and absorb new knowledge, but for primary school students who are easily distracted in the process of physical and mental development, they may lose their curiosity about new knowledge in class due to being familiar with the teaching content in advance, resulting in problems such as dozing and wandering, which reduces the learning efficiency. On the other hand, the teaching content of some institutions is a simple repetition of what students have already learned, which is called review consolidation. Indeed, review to a certain extent can promote students to firmly grasp the teaching content, but it is effective only in the case of integrating and summarizing the knowledge; some institutions repeat the learned knowledge according to the new curriculum, which cannot achieve the purpose of induction and sorting, and becomes a waste of students' learning time and energy.

People's Daily Online once published such a piece of news: a father in Wuhan described his experience of educating his child sadly. Since the third grade of primary school, his son has been forced by his mother to "cultivate excellence" in various shadow education institutions; there has never been a break. Over the past few years, his son has attended more than30 "cultivate excellence" classes; he often starts at six in the morning and gets a rest at eleven in the evening. Even dinner is simply solved on the way to the next course after one course. His son said truthfully, "I yawned in the school class; ‘cultivate excellence’ homework has exhausted me. How can I still listen to the teacher? When people sit in class, what they see is only an illusion." Such "cultivate excellence" made the fifth-grade son have a little white hair, and more and more white hair with the growth of age. The conclusion that the doctor gives is that the son's mental pressure is too big, causing this once-carefree, happy child to have gray hair. This news may be "extreme," but it reveals the academic pressure that shadow education places on pupils, leaving them breathless. The situation of "reducing the burden in school and increasing the burden outside school" makes the happy childhood unhappy, and the free space is not free, which is not conducive to the development of pupils' natural attributes.

四、Conclusion

We need to focus more on shadow education for primary school students. The "negative function" of shadow education is accumulated over time. Therefore, it cannot be contained immediately. It requires the joint efforts and close coordination of shadow institutions, the government, families, schools and society. In the course of development, the principal aspect of the principal contradiction plays a decisive role. Therefore, for the governance of pupils' shadow education "negative function" problem, the decisive role is played by the main aspect of its own development, that is, internal factors. Only when shadow education truly runs schools according to the law of physical and mental development of primary school students, is "people-oriented", truly has characteristics, high school quality and satisfactory educational results, will the social recognition be rapidly improved, and the flowers of the motherland will be more "elegant in full bloom", which is the foundation of shadow education.

参考文献：

1. [1] Lin Ge. Education is useless - back to the essence of education [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press,2014:48.
2. [2] Verena Kast. Rage and Attack [M]. SDX Joint Publishing Company,2003:84.
3. [3] Tan Xinbin. Research on the negative functions of education and its prevention strategies [D]. Jiangxi: Nanchang University,2010.